❓ A Western Australian parliamentary question on notice from 2005 inquiring about the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in WA, including data on patient demographics, treatment protocols, costs, and monitoring.
AnsweredQoN 2769Legislative Council
QuestionView source ↗
With regards to the use of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Western Australia, I ask the Minister -
(1) How many people were hospitalised for ECT treatments annually since 2001?
(2) How many people received ECT treatments during these years?
(3) If there is no data available on question (1) and/or (2), why did the Minister not ensure such data was gathered despite being made aware of the lack of data collection through my question on notice of September 25 2001?
(4) How many patients receiving ECT treatment in these years were -
(a) female;
(b) male;
(c) minors between 12 and 18;
(d) children under 12; and
(e) over 65?
(5) Are there any -
(a) controlled evaluations;
(b) randomized controlled trials;
(c) controlled clinical trials; and/or
(d) single case studies,
that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(6) How many patients received ECT treatments in private hospitals since 2001?
(7) What are the trends in ECT use?
(8) Is the ECT treatment administered under a standardised protocol for all public service providers?
(9) If yes to (8), when did the protocol come in force?
(10) If no to (8), why not?
(11) Does the protocol or do the protocols specify -
(a) voltage;
(b) area of administration; and
(c) number of treatments?
(12) Are there any evaluations of administering ECT using different protocols (for example unilateral versus bilateral administration)?
(13) Are records kept of the diagnosis of patients treated with ECT?
(14) What are the current full costs involved in administering ECT per patient?
(15) What are the rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals?
(16) What are the suicide rates of patients who have received ECT?
(17) What committees are involved in monitoring the use of ECT?
(1) How many people were hospitalised for ECT treatments annually since 2001?
(2) How many people received ECT treatments during these years?
(3) If there is no data available on question (1) and/or (2), why did the Minister not ensure such data was gathered despite being made aware of the lack of data collection through my question on notice of September 25 2001?
(4) How many patients receiving ECT treatment in these years were -
(a) female;
(b) male;
(c) minors between 12 and 18;
(d) children under 12; and
(e) over 65?
(5) Are there any -
(a) controlled evaluations;
(b) randomized controlled trials;
(c) controlled clinical trials; and/or
(d) single case studies,
that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(6) How many patients received ECT treatments in private hospitals since 2001?
(7) What are the trends in ECT use?
(8) Is the ECT treatment administered under a standardised protocol for all public service providers?
(9) If yes to (8), when did the protocol come in force?
(10) If no to (8), why not?
(11) Does the protocol or do the protocols specify -
(a) voltage;
(b) area of administration; and
(c) number of treatments?
(12) Are there any evaluations of administering ECT using different protocols (for example unilateral versus bilateral administration)?
(13) Are records kept of the diagnosis of patients treated with ECT?
(14) What are the current full costs involved in administering ECT per patient?
(15) What are the rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals?
(16) What are the suicide rates of patients who have received ECT?
(17) What committees are involved in monitoring the use of ECT?
AnswerView source ↗
Answered
29 November 2005
Responded by
Parliamentary Secretary representing the Minister for Health
Response time
21 days
(b) male; (c) minors between 12 and 18; (d) children under 12; and (e) over 65?
(c) minors between 12 and 18; (d) children under 12; and (e) over 65?
(d) children under 12; and (e) over 65?
(e) over 65?
(b) randomized controlled trials; (c) controlled clinical trials; and/or (d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(c) controlled clinical trials; and/or (d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(b) area of administration; and (c) number of treatments?
(c) number of treatments?
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 289 304 326 327 337 Note: Includes private and public hospitals (2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Note: Includes private and public hospitals (2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over.
A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(c) minors between 12 and 18; (d) children under 12; and (e) over 65?
(d) children under 12; and (e) over 65?
(e) over 65?
(b) randomized controlled trials; (c) controlled clinical trials; and/or (d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(c) controlled clinical trials; and/or (d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(d) single case studies, that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
that report outcome data from electroshock given under scientific conditions to minors?
(b) area of administration; and (c) number of treatments?
(c) number of treatments?
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 289 304 326 327 337 Note: Includes private and public hospitals (2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Note: Includes private and public hospitals (2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(2) See (1) above. All people who received ECT treatments were hospitalised. (3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(3) Data is available for the years requested. (4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(4) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 (a) 90 112 115 115 111 (b) 199 192 211 212 226 (c) 3 0 4 3 1 (d) No children under the age of 12 years received ECT treatment for those years. (e) 74 72 60 65 98 All figures include private and public hospitals For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over. (5) Since 2000 there have been a number of studies in relation to the provision of ECT for children and adolescents. However there has been no randomised controlled study. A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
For (c) - one person was 14 years old, all others were aged 16 years and over.
A study in 2004 by Stein et al found that the knowledge available on ECT in adolescents is largely anecdotal, or based on findings from adults. This study retrospectively analysed the files of 36 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 and 57 randomly selected adult inpatients (above the age of 20) treated with ECT in a university-affiliated mental heath centre in Israel between 1991 and 1997. The conclusions were that ECT may be an effective, well tolerated and a safe procedure in both adult and adolescent inpatients (Stein, D. Kurtsman, L. Stier, S. Remnik, Y. Meged, S. Weizman, A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients-a retrospective chart design, Journal of Affective Disorders . 82(3):335-42, 2004 ) Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Ghaziuddin et al in 2004 in considering practice guidelines completed a review of the literature and concluded that ECT may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe mood disorders and other Axis I psychiatric disorders when more conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. ECT may be considered when there is a lack of response to two or more trials of pharmacotherapy or when the severity of symptoms precludes waiting for a response to pharmacological treatment. (Ghaziuddin, N. Kutcher, S.P. Knapp, P. Bernet, W. Arnold, V. Beitchman, J. Benson, R.S. Bukstein, O. Kinlan, J. McClellan, J. Rue, D. Shaw, J.A. Stock, S. Kroeger, Ptakowski, K. Work Group on Quality Issues. AACAP. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(12):1521-39, 2004 Dec) In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In a study conducted in Australia in 2003 G. Walter and J.M. Rey considered whether the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed between 1990 and 1999. The findings were that overall mood disorders derived most benefit from ECT while comorbid personality disorder predicted poorer short-term outcome. Side effects were minor and transient. The conclusions were that the changes in ECT practice are consistent with changes in ECT practice generally over the survey period. The overall data on effectiveness and safety further support the treatment's use in young people. (Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(Walter, G. Rey, J.M. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. Journal of ECT . 19(2):84-7, 2003 Jun.) In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2002 Taieb et al followed up a group of adolescents who had been administered ECT for their mood disorders with a group who did not receive ECT. The results suggest that adolescents given ECT for bipolar disorder, depression or manic, do not differ in subsequent school and social functioning from carefully matched controls. (Taieb, O. Flament, M.F. Chevret, S. Jeammet, P. Allilaire, J.F. Mazet, P. Cohen, D. Clinical relevance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorder: evidence from a follow-up study. Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists . 17(4):206-12, 2002 Jul.) In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2001 Bloch et al considered the similarities and differences of providing ECT to adolescents from adults. The findings were that ECT was equally effective for adolescents and adults. The main difference was the diagnosis for which patients were referred: most of the adolescents were in the "psychotic spectrum", whereas most of the adults were in the "affective spectrum". The conclusions were that the findings support the current medical recommendations for the use of ECT in adolescents. (Bloch, Y. Levcovitch, Y. Bloch, AM. Mendlovic, S. Ratzoni, G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 40(11):1332-6, 2001 Nov.) (6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(6) Number of patients who received ECT treatment in private hospitals by year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 139 155 172 173 177 (7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(7) The trends in ECT use are shown below by year. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Persons 289 304 326 327 337 %Change 5% 7% 0.3% 3% Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
Note: Includes private and public hospitals (8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(8) All hospitals have clinical protocols/ policies for the use of ECT. The protocols are based on guidelines such as the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists ECT Guide, the Australian College of Anaesthetist's Guide and the Mental Health Act 1996. An ECT Guide specifically for Western Australia is in the final stage of development and will be published in early 2006. (9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(9) The Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guide for ECT was published in 1997 and updated regularly. The Mental Health Act came into force in November 1997. The review of the Mental Health Act completed in 2003 makes a number of recommendations regarding the administration of ECT. (10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(10) Not applicable (11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(11) (a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(a) The protocols do not specify voltage as clinicians are required to estimate the energy delivered according to individual patient needs. (b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(b) There are standardised areas of application depending on unilateral or bilateral treatment options. (c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(c) The recommended number of treatments per course of treatment is 6 to 8 with the recommended maximum of 12 treatments. (12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(12) Yes- a number of examples in research reports are published. See Chapter 7 of Richard Abrams (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy (4 th Ed). (13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(13) Yes- the clinical records of all patients receiving ECT have a clinical diagnosis. (14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(14) The approximate cost for delivering one episode of ECT is $517.00 (Information provided by Graylands Hospital). (15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(15) Rates of administration of ECT in different hospitals. ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
ECT treatments are provided to patients on a case by case basis following a clinical assessment. Therefore the rates provided below can only be calculated by dividing the number of people who received ECT treatments by the number of people who were admitted to hospital during 2004-2005 for a mental disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, Third Edition. (a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(a) The rate of ECT treatments in public hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 11%. (b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(b) The rate of ECT treatments in private hospitals in 2004-2005 ranges from 0 to 8%. (16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
(16) In 2005 Kellner et al completed a study assessing the incidence, severity and course of expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients prescribed ECT. Their conclusions were that expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. (Kellner, C.H. Fink, M. Knapp, R. Petrides, G. Husain, M. Rummans, T. Mueller, M. Bernstein, H. Rasmussen, K. O'connor, K. Smith, G. Rush, A.J. Biggs, M. McClintock, S. Bailine, S. Malur, C. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry . 162(5):977-82, 2005 May.) In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 2001 O'Leary et al conducted a systematic review of suicide in primary affective disorders of patients who received treatment including ECT. The conclusions were that the risk of suicide in follow-up studies of affective disorder had decreased compared to that reported in previous reviews. (O'Leary, D. Paykel, E. Todd, C. Vardulaki, K. Suicide in primary affective disorders revisited: a systematic review by treatment era. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 62(10):804-11, 2001 Oct. In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
In 1999 Prudic and Sackeim considered suicide risk and the use of ECT. They found that for major psychiatric disorders in which suicidality is often a symptom, ECT is an established, highly effective treatment. (Prudic, J. Sackeim, H.A. Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 60 Suppl 2:104-10; discussion 111-6, 1999. In 1996 Isometsa et al looked at completed suicide and recent use of ECT in Finland. They found only two cases, a figure remarkably low considering the high prevalence of severe depression in the suicide population. In both of the two cases, the quality of treatment was questionable, and suicide occurred during a depressive relapse. The findings indirectly support earlier reports suggesting ECT to have a preventive effect concerning suicide. Among all suicides, those within 3 months after ECT are rare, and the possible efficacy of ECT in preventing suicide warrants further study. (Isometsa, E.T. Henriksson, M.M. Heikkinen, M.E. Lonnqvist, J.K. Completed suicide and recent electroconvulsive therapy in Finland. Convulsive Therapy . 12(3):152-5, 1996 Sep. (17) Every mental health facility, which provides ECT as a treatment option, has a Medical Advisory Committee who oversees issues of treatment, which would include ECT. This committee manages issues in relation to ECT including training, complaints and new practices without specifically monitoring all ECT activity. Complaints about ECT may be made to the Office of the Chief Psychiatrist or the Office of Health Review. As part of the Clinical Governance Monitoring of mental health services the Chief Psychiatrist will include ECT as one aspect of the service provision to be monitored.
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