Hon Alan Cadby questions the Minister for Planning and Infrastructure about state government subsidies for various public transport services, seeking a breakdown of costs and rationale for differences in subsidy levels. The Minister provides detailed financial information, including per-passenger subsidies for rail, bus, school bus, and regional air services, attributing variations to differing capital and operating costs and patronage.

AnsweredQoN 2030Legislative Council
Asked
1 June 2004
Portfolio
Planning and Infrastructure

QuestionView source ↗

Regarding the subsidies provided by the State Government for the various aspects of public transport, will the Minister please advise -
(1) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Northern Suburbs Rail Line (Perth to Currambine), and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(2) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Perth to Armadale Rail Line, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(3) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Perth to Midland Rail Line, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(4) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Perth to Fremantle Rail Line, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(5) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Perth to Fremantle Rail Line, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(6) What annual subsidy is provided to run country rail services including individual regions and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(7) What annual subsidy is provided to run the Metropolitan bus transport services including individual districts, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(8) What annual subsidy is provided to run the services relating to School Bus Contracts, broken up per individual district, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(9) What annual subsidy is provided to run Regional Air Services, broken up per individual region, and what subsidy per commuter trip does this represent?
(10) What rationale can the Minister provide for the differences in levels of subsidy from one form of public transport to another?

AnswerView source ↗

Answered
18 August 2004
Responded by
Parliamentary Secretary representing the Minister for Planning and Infrastructure
Response time
78 days
Projected total passenger boardings for 2004-05 are 33.794 million including projected patronage at Clarkson, Thornlie and Greenwood. Therefore, on a per passenger basis, the projected overall subsidy is $4.67 based on total costs and $1.61 based on operating costs. A meaningful allocation of costs to individual lines is not possible given their significant differences in terms of the quality and age of infrastructure, and the manner in which agency borrowings are dealt with. However, it is possible to make an approximate allocation of operating costs to individual lines on the basis of weekly train kilometres. Based on this allocation, the total operating cost subsidy and the per passenger operating cost subsidy for each line will be as follows: Northern Suburbs Line: $32.658 million and $1.78 Armadale Line: $23.817 million and $2.07 Midland Line: $12.183 million and $1.43 Fremantle Line: $15.458 million and $1.03 (6) The budgeted total overall subsidy for Transwa country rail services for 2004-05 is $17.198 million based on total costs. The Costs for the Prospector and the Avon Link are reported together, but a notional breakdown can be provided as follows: Service Subsidy p.a. Passengers p.a. Subsidy/passenger Prospector $9.594 million 86,000 $111.56 AvonLink $1.807 million 17,000 $106.29 Australind $5.797 million 153,200 $37.85 (7) The projected total cost of operating the metropolitan bus transport services for 2004-05 is $175.716 million. This total cost consists of operating costs paid to bus service contractors of $135.481 million, and annual capital charges on rolling stock and infrastructure of $40.235 million. Budgeted fare revenue on bus services for 2004-05 is $47.037 million (including proportion of the payment for the FTZ), and projected total passenger boardings are 54.303 million. The CAT services in Perth and Fremantle are excluded from these estimates. The Perth CAT service is fully funded through revenue from the Perth Parking Management Act, while 60% of the cost of the Fremantle CAT service is borne by the Fremantle City Council and the balance by Transperth. The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
A meaningful allocation of costs to individual lines is not possible given their significant differences in terms of the quality and age of infrastructure, and the manner in which agency borrowings are dealt with. However, it is possible to make an approximate allocation of operating costs to individual lines on the basis of weekly train kilometres. Based on this allocation, the total operating cost subsidy and the per passenger operating cost subsidy for each line will be as follows: Northern Suburbs Line: $32.658 million and $1.78 Armadale Line: $23.817 million and $2.07 Midland Line: $12.183 million and $1.43 Fremantle Line: $15.458 million and $1.03 (6) The budgeted total overall subsidy for Transwa country rail services for 2004-05 is $17.198 million based on total costs. The Costs for the Prospector and the Avon Link are reported together, but a notional breakdown can be provided as follows: Service Subsidy p.a. Passengers p.a. Subsidy/passenger Prospector $9.594 million 86,000 $111.56 AvonLink $1.807 million 17,000 $106.29 Australind $5.797 million 153,200 $37.85 (7) The projected total cost of operating the metropolitan bus transport services for 2004-05 is $175.716 million. This total cost consists of operating costs paid to bus service contractors of $135.481 million, and annual capital charges on rolling stock and infrastructure of $40.235 million. Budgeted fare revenue on bus services for 2004-05 is $47.037 million (including proportion of the payment for the FTZ), and projected total passenger boardings are 54.303 million. The CAT services in Perth and Fremantle are excluded from these estimates. The Perth CAT service is fully funded through revenue from the Perth Parking Management Act, while 60% of the cost of the Fremantle CAT service is borne by the Fremantle City Council and the balance by Transperth. The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
The Costs for the Prospector and the Avon Link are reported together, but a notional breakdown can be provided as follows: Service Subsidy p.a. Passengers p.a. Subsidy/passenger Prospector $9.594 million 86,000 $111.56 AvonLink $1.807 million 17,000 $106.29 Australind $5.797 million 153,200 $37.85 (7) The projected total cost of operating the metropolitan bus transport services for 2004-05 is $175.716 million. This total cost consists of operating costs paid to bus service contractors of $135.481 million, and annual capital charges on rolling stock and infrastructure of $40.235 million. Budgeted fare revenue on bus services for 2004-05 is $47.037 million (including proportion of the payment for the FTZ), and projected total passenger boardings are 54.303 million. The CAT services in Perth and Fremantle are excluded from these estimates. The Perth CAT service is fully funded through revenue from the Perth Parking Management Act, while 60% of the cost of the Fremantle CAT service is borne by the Fremantle City Council and the balance by Transperth. The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Service Subsidy p.a. Passengers p.a. Subsidy/passenger Prospector $9.594 million 86,000 $111.56 AvonLink $1.807 million 17,000 $106.29 Australind $5.797 million 153,200 $37.85 (7) The projected total cost of operating the metropolitan bus transport services for 2004-05 is $175.716 million. This total cost consists of operating costs paid to bus service contractors of $135.481 million, and annual capital charges on rolling stock and infrastructure of $40.235 million. Budgeted fare revenue on bus services for 2004-05 is $47.037 million (including proportion of the payment for the FTZ), and projected total passenger boardings are 54.303 million. The CAT services in Perth and Fremantle are excluded from these estimates. The Perth CAT service is fully funded through revenue from the Perth Parking Management Act, while 60% of the cost of the Fremantle CAT service is borne by the Fremantle City Council and the balance by Transperth. The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
(7) The projected total cost of operating the metropolitan bus transport services for 2004-05 is $175.716 million. This total cost consists of operating costs paid to bus service contractors of $135.481 million, and annual capital charges on rolling stock and infrastructure of $40.235 million. Budgeted fare revenue on bus services for 2004-05 is $47.037 million (including proportion of the payment for the FTZ), and projected total passenger boardings are 54.303 million. The CAT services in Perth and Fremantle are excluded from these estimates. The Perth CAT service is fully funded through revenue from the Perth Parking Management Act, while 60% of the cost of the Fremantle CAT service is borne by the Fremantle City Council and the balance by Transperth. The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
The projected overall subsidy for Transperth bus operations for 2004-05 is $128.679 million based on total cost, and $88.444 million based on operating costs. On a per passenger boarding basis, the projected overall subsidy is $2.37 based on total costs, and $1.63 based on operating costs. For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
For consistency with the rail figures and because capital charges relating to bus infrastructure cannot be allocated to contract areas, the bus subsidy figures for 2004-05 shown below are based on operating costs. Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Contract area Operating cost subsidy Per passenger boarding Canning $ 10.091 million $1.52 Claremont-Belmont $ 12.011 million $1.30 Fremantle-Cockburn $ 11.825 million $1.46 Kalamunda $ 3.728million $2.08 Marmion-Wanneroo $ 23.098 million $1.94 Midland $ 3.760 million $2.06 Morley $ 8.125 million $1.05 Rockingham $ 10.230 million $2.29 Southern River $ 5.576 million $2.13 Total $88.444 million $1.63 (8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
(8) The table below shows the annual subsidy provided to run services relating to School Bus Contracts. Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Region Number of Contracts (Services) Average subsidy per annum per Service Subsidy per Commuter (Student) Trip Peel/Metropolitan 202 78,995 5.73 South West 113 73,645 4.56 Great Southern 107 69,160 5.28 Wheatbelt 255 68,759 6.70 Goldfields/Esperance 37 73,532 6.29 Mid West 64 66,968 6.05 Gascoyne 5 65,698 4.84 Pilbara 12 85,096 5.48 Kimberley 23 74,877 5.78 9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
9. Regional Air Services - Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
- Subsidy budget is $1million per annum. - Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
- Cost by region in 2003-04: Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Kimberley $605,940 Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Pilbara $144,740 Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
Midwest $117,940 - Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
- Subsidy per commuter per trip is $94.00 10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.
10. Fare levels are set to provide affordable public transport services around the state. The different levels of capital costs and operating costs, together with patronage levels result in different levels of Government support.

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